Showing posts with label General. Show all posts
Showing posts with label General. Show all posts

Wednesday, August 17, 2016

My Book

You love time travel?  You love sci-fi? Teen adventure?  Then this Book is for you! My book got to the #15 in Amazon Bestselling List for Time Travel ebook. If you find my blog helpful please support my book: "Dillen Smith: The Knighthood" at Amazon.com. Please click on the link to my new book.

Please leave a review at Amazon.com.  The reviews would really help my book.  Thank You so much!

Here are some excerpts to my book:

The Knighthood of Dillen
By G.C. Sheys

Chapter 1.  The Dream

So far Dillen Smith’s thirteen years of existence could be described largely as uneventful, even boring.  His daily routine consisted of going to school and coming home.  No wild parties.  No date nights.

His idea of fun was playing with his pets in the yard.

On the outside, Dillen looked like a typical thirteen-year-old. He was tall about 5’8” and lanky.  Everyday, he felt like he was growing although that could not be true because his height remained the same.  He acted a bit clumsy and awkward.  The awkwardness he attributed to his growing hormones.

His dark brown, short hair made him looked younger than thirteen years   He enjoyed playing ball games and computer games, just like any teen  But for the most part, he preferred to be alone and play with his pets- a ferret named Syber and a Guinea pig named Blossom.

His parents – Chris and Linda Smith – were supportive of his endeavors, which basically consisted of nothing since computer games and pet sitting (two of his favorite activities) were not exactly great accomplishments.

But his mom, Linda, always encouraged him to do something phenomenal. She told him to think outside the box.  Be his best self.  Conquer the mountains – whatever that meant.

Linda Smith grew up to be the family beauty.  She was used to being the center of everyone's attention. It was at thirteen, after all, that Linda started joining beauty pageants.  In her youth, she
ruled the catwalk.  With her statuesque and thin frame, she caught the eyes of numerous talent scouts. She was a crowned beauty at a young age.  You could say that she was a social success.

Unfortunately, Dillen did not follow in Linda’s footsteps.  Nor did he inherit her social graces.  He was more like his dad – socially awkward and shy.

At forty-five, Linda still had her looks.  She was tall, slim and sported a wavy blonde hair.  Her hair used to be dark brown but she dyed it blonde.  She was a homemaker.  She had not worked since the day she got married.  She found working on top of doing the household chores too stressful.  And when she had Dillen, the more the chores stressed her.

Fortunately, her husband, Chris was moneyed.  Chris was the same age as Linda.  He did not grow up rich.  But he was a computer genius.  He could read and write computer languages like they were plain English.  He got paid huge money for his skills. That enabled him to give his family a
comfortable lifestyle.

Chris and Linda met when Chris was tapped by the pageant committee to do some computer works for them.  The pageant needed a computer to be set up on stage to provide the backdrop for the gown and swimsuit competition. Chris, being a popular programmer, was the natural choice for the job.
Chris liked Linda from the get-go.  They had been inseparable ever since.

It was an odd pairing – a computer geek and a pageant winner.  People said they had nothing in common.  That their marriage would last, at most, a year.  But it had been fourteen years and their marriage was still going strong.

Dillen was proud of his parents. But his mom did not seem to reciprocate his feelings. Linda may not say much but Dillen could sense her disapproval of his reticent lifestyle.   She thought he should be a go-getter surrounded by real people not pets.  Her expectations on how Dillen should live his life clashed with his.

It was at his mom’s constant prodding to be somebody at the social scene that Dillen found himself imagining to be a knight, a hero or even an actor to make up for his feelings of inadequacy.  He wanted to be a knight because there was something dramatic about being one. Maybe because they ride a horse through the sunset.

A hero was, of course, hailed by everyone.  He thought it might be cool to be so admired.  Or maybe, he could be a famous actor adored by many.
Any one but himself because he thought he fell short of his mom’s grand expectations.
Dillen sighed.  If he could just do one spectacular thing, maybe his mom would be proud of him.  Sadly, he was just an ordinary boy.  Spectacular things did not happen to ordinary boys like him.
Dillen's introversion made Linda worried. And she had no qualms talking about it to her husband.

Dillen accidentally overheard his parents talked about him one day, as they watched television in the living room.  They didn't realize that he could hear them when he opened his bedroom door on the second floor.  

"Do you think our son has health problems we are not aware of?" His mom asked. 


"He's perfect. There's nothing wrong with our boy,”  his dad, Chris, assured his mom. 

Linda seemed unsatisfied with Chris’ answer, "it’s not what the teachers said.  They said he’s aloof, withdrawn, and unsociable.  He does not talk to people, just pets.”

“I don't see anything wrong with that.”

“Shy people do not reach their fullest potential.  That's what's wrong with that,” she lamented.
Unlike Linda, Chris could not see what the big deal was.  Shy or not, Dillen was perfect the way he was. Besides, he didn't want a son who was a social butterfly. "Maybe he's just an introvert,” he muttered a reply.

"He needs to get out of his shell.  In this case, get out of his room and hang out with boys or girls his age,” Linda said.

 "He'll outgrow this stage.  You'll see,” Chris said.  Chris had been an introvert all his life.  He turned out good despite being shy and withdrawn.  He had no doubt Dillen would too.


"I hope so." His mom said. She seemed to stifle a sob. 

"Why are you crying?”  Chris asked.  He thought his wife overreacted.

“I'm just worried for our son. He is our only son, you know.”

“There. There.  Don't worry about it.  He will turn out fine.  Everything will be alright,” he heard his dad said.

“We should have bought him those toy robots instead of letting him get pets.  Now, he's talking to the ferret and Guinea pig like they're real people.” Then as an afterthought, Linda asked, “Maybe we should get rid of those pets?" 

"The pets are his friends. Getting rid of them might make him depressed. Is that what you want?" 

"It might force him out of his shell.”
“That's not the way to do it.  It might make him rebellious.  Give him time. I'm sure Dillen will come around.”

Linda sighed. “I just hope this phase will be over soon." 

"It will be.  It will be,”  he heard his dad said repeatedly as if he too tried to convince himself to stay positive. 

When Dillen came out of his room, he pretended not to have heard the conversation between his parents.  He felt bad that he made them worry.  But he felt happy being himself. He could not be anyone but himself.   He did not see any problem with being an introvert either.

"Do you want to invite your friends for a sleepover?"  His mom asked when she saw him.   

'What friend?' Dillen thought.  “Not this time mom.  Maybe later,”  Dillen would say no each time. 

Despite Linda’s misgivings about his introversion, Dillen loved his uncomplicated life.  He lived simply.  No dramas. No adventures. No surprises.  He preferred it that way.

Well, it was mostly like that until, one day, he experienced something out of the ordinary. Dillen's peaceful existence, all of a sudden, went topsy-turvy.  He didn't realize it then but that day heralded a new beginning.  A world of adventure unknowingly opened up to him. In hindsight, he should have paid attention to the clues.  But he was too preoccupied with his troubles to notice them.

It all began with a weird dream. The first time he dreamt it, he thought he had gone crazy.  The details were a bit fuzzy since he had a hard time recalling them but he could remember a voice waking him up in the middle of the night.

“Dillen, wake up! Wake up!” a man’s voice could be heard pleading him.  He had been sleeping comfortably in his bed for several hours when the voice woke him up.

Dillen did not welcome this intrusion.  He hated to be woken up from deep slumber.  One of the most precious things he treasured in life was his sleep.  A man, especially a growing one, needed his sleep.  But the stranger seemed in need of help. He could not ignore a person in need no matter how much his body screamed for sleep.

He forced himself to wake up, if only to please the stranger.  He struggled to open his eyes. At first, he felt disoriented.  He couldn't remember where he was.  It was dark.  The only light he saw was from a distant street light.  It took several seconds to get used to the darkness. Then, it dawned on him that he was in his bedroom.

Dillen could see the man stood at the center of his room.  But the vision was not so clear.  Largely, because he was still sleepy and the room was dim.

He felt scared but sleepiness overtook the fear.  Also, he was curious to see the person who woke him up.  He wondered what the man was doing in his room.  He could not be a thief.  A thief would not wake up a homeowner.  But he could be wrong.  “Who are you?” Dillen mustered the courage to ask.
He could see that the man was dressed in metal gear from head to toe.  He looked like one of those horse-riding Knights from the Medieval.  His face was not covered by the metal gear. Dillen could see parts of his face illuminated by the street light, enough to give him an idea of how he looked like.
“I'm a knight.  I come from the past.  We need you Dillen.  Please help us,” the man pleaded.
 Dillen could hear the urgency in his voice.

“But I am not from the past.  I'm right here in the present,” he mumbled an incoherent reply. The drowsiness made him sound more like a drunk.  He struggled to keep his eyes open. But all his body wanted to do was fall back to sleep.  The bed just felt so inviting and comfy.

“You can go back to the past, Dillen.  You have the means to do so. All you have to do is accept the offer.  Please help us.”  With that, the voice faded away and the man vanished.

Dillen did not have a chance to ask questions.  He wa fast asleep.  But seconds later, he stirred wide awake.  He could not recall exactly what had transpired but he could remember seeing a man in his room just a minute ago. Instead, he found himself staring blankly at the wall.

‘Did he just dream all that…again?’ he wondered.

He had dreamt the same dream for ten nights in a row now. He did not know the guy. He had no idea why the man kept showing up in his dream.

At first, he shrugged it off as just an ordinary dream.  Maybe, it was a way for his tired body to cope.  But this had went on for far too long for him to ignore.  Besides, it was creepy!  The man did not seem evil but he did not welcome the intrusion night after night.

Dillen was resolved to put a stop to this dream.  He needed to act on it.  Fortunately, the next day was a Saturday.  There were no classes. He could talk to his mom about the recurring dream. Perhaps, she could help him.

He glanced at the clock on the side table.  It was ten minutes to two in the morning.  Too early to get up.  Dillen went back to sleep. He was dead to the world in no time.


The next day, he talked to his mom about the recurring dream that kept him awake at night.
 “The guy looks like someone from the olden times, he wakes me up in the middle of my sleep every night.  He has done this for ten nights in a row now,” he complained.

 “Does he look familiar to you?” his mom asked.
“No, I never saw him before.”
“That sounds creepy! Does he scare you?”
“Actually no.  He seemed like a nice person.”
“What did he say to you?”
“He wants me to go back to the past to help him.”
“The past? It is not possible to go back to the past. It does not make sense at all. Well, dreams don't make sense after all.”
“I wonder what the dream meant?”
“Next time, why won't you ask him how you could go back to the past and help him? Maybe that will answer your question on its meaning.”
“I get so groggy, I often forget what to ask.”
“Maybe your subconscious mind is telling you something. Or, the message holds some clues to your past life or your future.”
“What clues?”
“I don't know son.”
“I have no idea what the dream meant. I just want it to stop.”
“We should go see a therapist next week. He will have much better idea on how to interpret your dream.”
“Will the dream stop if I see a therapist?”
“Maybe so.  At least, the therapist can tell you how to.”
“Okay.”
“If it makes you feel any better, I will go check on you several times tonight.  Maybe if you have company, he won't show up.”

Dillen nodded.  “Maybe so.  I just hope he won't show up tonight. It's freaking me out.”
“If he will, call me.”

“I will. Thanks mom.”

“Anything for you, son.  Don't worry about it.  It's just a dream.  If he meant to harm you, he would have done so ten days ago. We'll figure out a way to make it stop.”

Dillen heaved a sigh of relief.  Indeed, if he was a bad person, he would have harmed him since day one. “Thanks mom.”

“Why won't you set the table?  Lunch will be served soon.” Linda said, “ and oh, before I forget, could you please bring this green bean casserole and pecan pie to our neighbor, Mr. Ridley?  He loves green beans and the pie  I'm sure he will love both dishes.”

Mr. Bach Ridley was their seventy-nine year old, widower neighbor who lived alone in his house.  Dillen's mom would sometimes give him food. Perhaps, to cheer him up because he seemed so solitary. They had been neighbors since Dillen could remember. 

Mr. Ridley often saw Dillen when he would leave for school. Or, when he got home from school.  The old man had a habit of sitting by the porch each afternoon until the sun sets.  He did not talk a lot. He liked to be by himself, much like Dillen. Mr. Ridley would wave his hand at him every time he walked past his house. That was largely the extent of their interaction. Despite Mr. Ridley’s aloofness, Dillen grew fond of him. 

Being next door neighbors, Mr.  Ridley was invited to every single one of Smiths' Thanksgiving and Christmas parties.  If he could not show up for some reason like an illness, Linda would ask Dillen to bring him some food.

During Thanksgiving, Dillen would bring a huge slice of turkey, mashed potatoes and gravy, corn, meatloaf, cheesecake and his favorite, sweet yams.  On Christmas, he would get a slice of ham, cornbread, potato salad, baked beans and chocolate cake.

Dillen remembered the dishes he brought because he helped prepare those foods. Also, they prepared the same foods year after year for each occasion.  Which was a good thing because he only ate some of those dishes on those occasions.  It made him look forward to those days.

Dillen went to Mr. Ridley's house and knocked on the door.  He brought the casserole and pie with him.

“Who is it?”  Mr. Ridley asked.
“It's Dillen! Mom asks me to bring you some food.”
“Come in Dillen.”
When Dillen stepped inside the house, he saw Mr. Ridley sitting on the dining table, all by himself.  He had a loaf of bread, a stick of melting butter and a cup of dark coffee on the table in front of him.  “You're just in time for my lunch,” Mr. Ridley said.

Lunch didn't seem much for Mr. Ridley.  Dillen was glad he brought him some real food.  The old man needed proper nourishment especially at his age.

Dillen laid the food on the table. “Mom knows you love green beans.”  The bean casserole was in a small, rectangle-shaped, disposable silver serving dish.  The pecan pie was in a small, round-shaped, disposable silver dish. It was a lot of food for one person. Mr. Ridley would probably eat the food for a day or two.

“And you bring pecan pie too.  This is one of my favorites.”  Mr. Ridley declared.  “These are a lot of food son.  Please tell your mom thank you.  I truly appreciate her generosity.  And thank you too for bringing the food to me.”
“No problem at all. Mom loves to cook and share her food to you.”
“She's a good woman. She looks after me like I'm her dad.”
“She does look up to you like a father.  And we are happy to help.  You need all the help you can get.”
“Do you have grandparents?”  Mr. Ridley asked.
“I do but they live so far away. I barely see them except on special occasions.”
“I won't mind if you call me grandpa.  And it does get hard around here since I'm alone.” Mr. Ridley said as he glanced at the bread and coffee on the table. “I meant to cook something for lunch but my gout bothers me.”
“Don't you have children or grandchildren?”
“I do.  But, like you, they live far from me.  They have their own families now too. They're too busy to come and see me.”
“If you need help Mr. Ridley, you can always count on me.”
“Nah, it's ok. I can manage.  I'll be fine.”
“I don't want you to think that you're a bother.  You will never be a bother. I'll be glad to help.”
“Thank you Dillen.  You're a good boy, son. Your parents are lucky to have you.”
“Thank you for the compliment.  I'd better get going now.  Mom will serve lunch soon.”
“Thank you Dillen.”
“You're welcome.” As Dillen turned to go, he accidentally brushed off one of the framed pictures on top of Mr. Ridley's table.  The picture frame fell to the floor.
“Oops.  I didn't mean to do that.  I'm sorry.  I'm so clumsy,” Dillen apologized.
Good thing the picture frame did not break.
Dillen stooped down to pick it up.  When he looked at the picture on the frame, he had the surprise of his life.  His heart skipped a beat.  The man on the picture was the same man who appeared in his dreams for ten nights now!  What were the odds that he would find him in Mr. Ridley's house?
“Mr. Ridley, can I ask you something?” Dillen asked as he picked up the framed picture and stood up.
“Yes of course.  What is it?”
“This man in the picture.  Do you know who he is?”
“He is my friend.  Someone I know from the past. Why do you ask?”
“He appears in my dream for ten nights in a row now. Could you please tell me his name? Maybe it will help solve the mystery.
“His name is Artos.  I haven't seen him for years.  I was fifteen years old when I last saw him.  I kept that picture as a souvenir.”
“Do you know where I can find him? Or, at least, contact him?”
“No. The last time I saw him I was in Boston at that time. I never talked to him after that.”
“Is there a way that you can contact him?”
“No.  I can't.”
“Do you know his last name? I can search his contact details online.”
“Unfortunately, I don't know his last name.”
Dillen sighed.  All he got was a name.  There were so many Artos all over the world.  How would he find him? “I've been wondering about this dream and the guy.  I don't know what to make of it,” he confessed.
“What do you see in your dream?”
“This guy is asking me for help.  He said he's from the past.  Whatever does that mean?”
“He could be in trouble. And, he literally needs your help.  That could be a possibility.”
“But how can I help him? I don't even know who or where he is.”
“He will manifest in due time.”
“Do you think so?”
“He will. Just be patient,” Mr. Ridley seemed so confident.
“I hope so.”
“Let me know if you dream of him again tonight.”
“I will.” Dillen replied, “I’d better get going.  Mom is waiting for me.”

During lunch, his mom asked him questions but Dillen's mind was on the picture. Artos – the guy’s name.  He thought of the name over and over. He needed to find out more about this guy.

“Are you alright son?” Linda asked.
“Yes just wondering about my dream.”
“Just let me know if he shows up again tonight.”
“I will.”
After lunch, Dillen headed to his room.  He used his tablet to search for “Artos”online.  The search produced numerous results.  He clicked on the images to see if they resembled the man in his dreams.
The search was not successful. Dillen did another search.  This time he keyed in the words “Artos knight” mainly because the man looked like a knight.  The search results showed images of various men.  He kept searching through the images until he stumbled on a knight who looked similar to Mr. Ridley's friend, Artos.

The result showed an image of a knight who looked like the man in his dream.  According to the search results, the man was the great grandson of King Arthur of the Knights of the Round Table.  What made it so surprising was his birthdate.  He was born in the 1800’s.  That would make him more than three centuries old!  It could not possibly be the same Artos whom Mr. Ridley befriended.  Or, the one who appeared in his dreams. He could not be three hundred years old.
Dillen got confused more than ever.  Why would a three hundred-year-old man pay him a visit?
He could not find immediate answers to his questions.  Perhaps, his dream meant nothing.  Maybe, if he would forget about it, the guy would not come back.

That night, the dream that Dillen dreaded didn't recur.  Surprisingly, the next day on a Sunday night, he didn't dream of Artos too. He happily reported to his mom that the dreams stopped. He also told Mr. Ridley on Monday, before he left for school, that the dream didn't recur.

“Good for you.” Mr. Ridley said.
“I think talking about the dream helps put a stop to it. I'm glad it's over. I got scared seeing the same dream again and again.”
“It could be a sign Dillen.”
“A sign?”
“Of something bigger.  That you're meant to do something big in the future.”
“What could that be?”
“I think we will find out soon enough.”
Mr. Ridley's words puzzled Dillen.  But he didn't give much thought to them as he needed to hurry for school.

Thursday, March 3, 2016

Psychological Realism of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man



The psychological realism of the book “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” By James Joyce is evident in the fact that the entire story revolves resolutely on its main character,
Stephen Dedalus.  “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” is actually a semi-autobiographical account of the author’s life as a young man.

The novel is written as a third-person narrative with less dialogue. The narrator seems attached to the main character.  The book's opening lines present popular examples of Stephen's thoughts and conscious experience when he is just a child. Take these lines for instance, “Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo. . . ..

The first few lines of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man shows Joyce's attempt to describe the scene through the eyes of a very young boy.   He littered the sentence with languages associated with children such as "moocow," "tuckoo," and "nicens."

Aside from the childlike speech, Joyce also makes use of syntax of his sentences and paragraphs to show how a child thinks.  The train of thought is also another indication that the story comes from a child.  There seems to be no sense of direction or sense of time in his narratives. As if he is just mumbling those words for no reason.

Joyce’s style in writing realism is distinctive and unique. It differs from other works that delves on similar topic.  What sets this story apart is that most of the action occurs predominantly in the mind of the protagonist, Stephen.  In order to make that portrayal believable, Joyce creates and employs a technique called interior monologue, or stream of consciousness wherein the arbitrary thoughts of Stephen are being quoted such as those found in the first pages of the book.

Stephen invariably relates the story to himself as he becomes the Baby Tuckoo in his father’s story and the song he hears become his song.  There is a progression of Stephen’s thoughts as the story unfolds.  Joyce’s style is less child-like as Stephen matures.  This is apparent in Stephen’s language who as a little boy would mutter "nicens little baby tuckoo" and as a young artist who notes in his diary promises of forming "the uncreated conscience of my race."

Throughout the book, the author skillfully maneuvers language and prose to depict Stephen’s thoughts and how the events in his life affect him through the eyes of the narrator.  Joyce’s lenghty accounts in some chapters can be attributed to the fact that he chooses to portray the Stephen’s subjective experience using language instead of presenting what occur in a prose narrative.  Joyce is also known to use quotation marks instead of dashes.

The way the story moves forward also differs. Most novels use chronological progression or flashbacks. Joyce instead uses a series of experiences that may appear to be unrelated but are in truth interrelated through symbols, images and languages.

Images and symbols that are oft-repeated are designed to convey Stephen's innermost feelings.  Take for instance, a rose or the color of rose which represents the young man’s quest for romance and beauty; the color yellow stands for utter dislike from unpleasant  experiences or realities; and birds or flight, an allusion to the young man’s craving for creative freedom.  Sometimes these symbols are used by the author to represent the threat of being punished and loss of independence.  These images are drawn from religion, philosophy, and myth which Joyce masterfully intertwined and represented in the tale.

Realism wasn't the only influence found in Joyce’s works. Allusions and symbolisms such as those inspired by French poets like Stephane Mallarme and Arthur Rimbaud, whom he greatly admired in his younger days, also abound in his book.  Joyce employs these evocative poetic imagery to portray various meanings.  This strategy enables Joyce to use words to  suggest psychological implications.

One of the most quoted allusion used by Joyce in the story is the myth of Daedalus and Icarus.  The entire novel is actually structured around this famous myth. The constant reference to the story of Daedalus and Icarus inculcates in the minds of the readers the parallelisms in Icarus and Stephen’s lives.

This famous story in Greek mythology is about a father Daedalus who creates wings of feathers and wax so he and his son can escape the labyrinth.  As they fly to freedom, Icarus discontent and curiosity bid him to fly higher.  The wax on the wings however melts and Icarus plunges to his death.  The same way that Stephen in the story strives to move away from his father’s grasp to follow his destiny as an artist.  This perfectly sums up the protagonist’s quests for creativity, self-discovery and independence. This is the central theme which resonates throughout the story.

Stephen's name is another allusion derived from Saint Stephen who was known to have conflicts with religion. Stephen Dedalus has the same conflicting desire within him – to be free of Catholic and Irish conventions which he feels to constraint him.

The amalgamation of words, images, and symbols makes A Portrait of the Artist quite a complex taste for most readers’ palate.  One has to dig deeper beyond the surface in order to fully comprehend a complex character such as Stephen Dedalus.  It's not easy to peal all the layers of the novel and get to the bottom of things.
Stephen's mind seems a mad jumble of places and ideas.  Joyce doesn't explain them either.  The story does not progress in a usual manner.  Scenes overlap; time is unspecified. It's up to the reader to make the necessary associations in order to fully understand the story. This may prove to be a huge challenge to most but the effort would be all worth it.

Wednesday, March 2, 2016

What is Public Education?


Public education is required for children. These public schools are supported by the taxes of the people.

Public education is education required for the children as stipulated by the laws in the government - national, regional, or local – and financially supported by the civil through taxes.

Public education is often provided for basic education, K -12 education, or primary and secondary education. Most of the time, public education is not provided for post-secondary education, advanced education, or universities, colleges, or technical schools.

Public Education System

Public education in the United States is customarily controlled by individual states. These states in turn delegate the task of daily operations to school districts working at the local level. Elected school boards from the local districts direct the public primary and secondary schools in accordance with the guidelines of the state government.

In other countries, the public education system is centralized at the national level such as those in France, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan.

Public Education Defined

Public schooling is often provided to groups of students in a classroom setting. “Public education” is not the same with “public schooling” because public education can be done at home or in other places such as shopping mall or offices.

“Public education” is also not similar to the “publicly funded education”. Government may fund education that may not necessarily be public education. Publicly funded education comes in the form of grants-in-aid in private schools and voucher systems.

A public school may not rely entirely on public funding such as money donated by philanthropists. What makes it public school is the fact that it is owned by the government and not private person/entity.

Samuel Clemens (aka Mark Twain) commented about public education in his November 23, 1900 speech: “Every time you stop a school, you will have to build a jail. What you gain at one end you lose at the other. It's like feeding a dog on his own tail. It won't fatten the dog.” School, therefore, is a necessary tool to curb crime and violence.

Public Education Funding

The No Child Left Behind Act gives the Department of Education the discretion to withhold funding if a school, district or even state is found to have violated some rules and does not exert efforts to comply. The federal funding however does not comprise a huge chunk of the school funding.

Most of public education funding is derived from the state government and the local property taxes. Several organizations comprised mostly of teachers have been lobbying for either more funding or reforms in the allocation of tax money since some schools have limited funding compared to other schools based in more affluent districts.

Public education offers the students the opportunities for advancement and a better future. It also translates to a more peaceful and orderly society. Government, therefore, should make funding of public schools one of the top priorities.

Source:

Imber, Michael. "Equity in School Funding". American School Board Journal. Virginia: National School Boards Association, Oct. 2004.

What are Gangs?



Gangs are steadily growing in numbers through the years. Young gangs are often viewed in a negative way and associated with violence and crimes.

Urban street-gangs are becoming widespread. They are penetrating not just the big cities but in small towns too. Gangs are considered as a problem because they promote socially deviant behaviors and worse, criminal activities ranging from petty to violent crimes and drug trafficking.

Reasons for Youth Involvement with Gangs

Youth gang formation is brought about by various reasons particularly the deteriorating inner-city economic conditions. Some kids grow up in indigent areas where the environment is characterized by poor housing, underfunded schools and law-violating youth gangs.

Others, although wealthier, grow up in dysfunctional families, and some are called “losers” because of their perceived inferiority from others. Kids whose parents are behind prison bars are all too familiar with these experiences.

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's (OJJDP's) National Youth Gang Center recently completed the first nationwide survey of youth gang problems. In the 1995 survey, 2,007 law enforcement agencies reported gang activity in their jurisdictions, a total of 23,388 gangs, and 664,906 gang members. Forty-nine percent of these agencies described their gang activity as "getting worse”.

Male and Female Gang Membership

Although gangs appear to be more highly structured than delinquent groups, they may still be regarded as loosely organized. Gaining entry to these gangs or becoming a member is based on several factors such as age, geographic area or neighborhoods.

Some gangs form part of bigger groups called “nations.” Gang size ranges from as small as four or five members to thousands. Gangs group their members into different types core members: gang leaders, associates or regulars, peripheral or fringe members, and “wannabees” or recruits.

The core may be regarded as an elite circle that decides on the primary activities of the gang. It is unclear how gang members maintain long-term roles and specific position. Some members may join for a short time. Others may transfer from one gang to another. Common to all these gangs is the fact that core members are into criminal activities than fringe members.

Male and Female Gang Involvement

According to researches, females are found to be more likely to join gangs at a younger age and leave earlier than men. Female involvement in gangs is viewed as less important compared to their male counterparts.

Also, the female criminal behavior is oftentimes directly or indirectly associated to the dominant male. Female gang members play more positive roles than others believed to be so. They are more inclined to control behavior of male gang members rather than abetting them to commit crimes.

The socialization processes in gangs differ according to age, context, and situation, including gaining entry to alternative roles. There are various reasons for joining gangs: recognition, status, safety or security, power, excitement, and new experience. Youth raised under conditions of social deprivation are particularly drawn to gangs.

Differences in Male and Female Gangs


Male and female gangs differ when it comes to severity of crimes and the reasons for joining. Addressing this problem requires the cooperation of several groups.


Gangs or youth street-gangs have taken peer pressure to the next level as authorities grapple with ways to contain these wayward youth groups. Gangs are particularly linked to crimes and violence. The threats these groups present to society are both alarming and disturbing.

Male and Female Gang Crimes

According to research and studies, males are responsible for majority of gang-related crime, specifically violent offenses. Female gang crimes only comprise around 5 percent or fewer of all reported gang crime.

One of the possible contributing factors for this is the fact that ratio of male gang members to females is 20 to 1. An estimated half of the youth or street gangs may have female members. Some gangs are comprised of both male and female.

Members sometimes remain in gangs longer to be able to engage in various criminal acts for money. Extreme gang violence is often committed by older teens and young adult gang member. The average age for gang offenders is 17 or 18. The average age of those who commit gang-related homicide is 19 or 20 and the victim a year or two older.

Drug offenses are the most common offenses by female gang members. Around one-half of female gang members and three-fourth of the male gang members had sold cocaine at some point. Generally, female gang members have fewer violent crimes than male gang members and are more inclined to property crimes and status offenses.

Similarities and Differences of Male and Female Gangs

Similarities

male and female gang members are usually of the same age, status and ethnicity
they got into gangs for various reasons ranging from peer pressure to abuse
they both play active roles in drug trafficking
they both hold positions or roles in the gang
Differences
young women often join gangs due to abuses particularly sexual abuses they suffered at home; young men are for economic reasons
men are more prone to committing criminal acts especially violent in nature
men are perceived as leaders of the gang and women’s actions are influenced by men to a great extent
more male gang members than female; 20:1 ratio
women enter gangs at a younger age than men and they leave earlier too
How to Deal with Gang Problems

Youth gang problems have infiltrated even small towns in the United States. Criminal activities particularly drug trafficking have increased and become one of the basic activities of the gangs. Due to this, gangs have become a threat to the peace and order of communities.

The most effective way to deal with gang-related problems involves the cooperation of several groups and sectors in the community. Suppression, intervention, and prevention should be the focus of their drive.

Community leaders must asses the extent of the gang problem.
Community must work with the justice system to be able to curb effectively gang-related problems
Leaders of the community must develop specific goals and coordinated strategies after assessing the problem
Coordinated Strategies

Community participation
Providing social and economic opportunities to gang members
Outreach programs for youth
Formal and informal control procedures to suppress gangs
Extending support and supervision to gang members to curb social deviant behavior.
For those people involved in addressing gang problems, the task may seem intimidating even insurmountable. The best way to handle this is to break down one big problem to smaller more solvable ones such as handling graffiti problems in a particular area first rather than the entire town immediately. This will enable individual members to come up with solutions that are more applicable to a specific place.

Sunday, April 28, 2013

Why Women are Attracted to Men Wearing Red


Overview

The aim of the research is to determine if women are attracted to men wearing red.  The findings revealed that females are indeed attracted to red on male. Red is often associated with high status.  This means the male would most likely earn more money and generate more power.  The high status association of the color red is what makes it attractive to women. Men who wear this color or seen with red background are seen as powerful and of high status thus, making them sexually desirable to women.

The impact of red on women is apparent even among different cultures. The study utilizes undergraduates from different countries particularly United States, England, Germany and China.  All women reported that men wearing or seen with red background are more attractive.  However, wearing red does not seem to affect women’s perception on a man’s likeability, agreeableness or extraversion.

In the experiment, the impact of red on the attractiveness scale is limited to just the women. Male participants do not react the same way as the women. Their perception on the scale of attractiveness on the man in the photo does not change even if the shirt or background color is changed to red.  The results of the experiment show that the color red has aesthetic as well as psychological impact on women.

Andrew J. Elliot from the University of Rochester and University of Munich. He is the lead author of the study. Other researchers and co-author of the experiment are: Daniela Niesta Kayser hails from the University of Rochester, Tobias Greitemeyer from the University of Innsbruck, Stephanie Lichtenfeld from the University of Munich, Richard H. Gramzow from the University of Southampton, Markus A. Maier from the University of Munich and Huijun Liu from Tianjin Medical University.

How the Research was Conducted

The research was conducted in a series of 7 experiments to find out if women see men to be more sexually desirable if they see him on a red background or wearing red outfits.  The women participants were informed that the experiment requires their first impressions on the male in the picture presented to them. The participants are not aware that the purpose of the experiment is to determine the effects of colors on the male’s attractiveness to women.

The woman is presented a photo of an average looking man for 5 seconds. The woman responds if she finds the man attractive or not on a scale of 1 to 9 with 1 being the least attractive and 10 the most attractive.  The color of the background or the man’s shirt was then manipulated.  There are two color utilized in this experiment: red and white. The result of the research showed that a significant number of female participants find the man with red background or red shirt to be more attractive than those in white background or white shirt.

Debate and Reaction

The claim that red color has an influence on attractiveness has been around since time immemorial. This is the reason why celebrities walk on the ‘red carpet’ and businessmen wear red to come across as confident.  In ancient times, red was always associated with women, passion, love or lust. Hence, the popular term “lady in red”.

Despite the color red’s strong association to women, it appears that the same color is also a factor in determining a man’s appeal. The experiment shows that male can actually enhance their attractiveness to women by just wearing red.  The attraction stems from the woman’s natural inclination to associate red to high status, money and power.

Implications

Clearly, the color red’s impact on attractiveness has both cultural and biological origins. Ancient culture dictates that red signifies love and passion. In biology, red color in primates like baboons is seen as an indicator of male dominance or what they refer to as the alpha males. Female primates tend to prefer the alpha males as their sexual partners because they are perceived as better able to provide protection and sustenance. In the same vein, women’s response to the red color seems to be biologically stimulated. Just like the primate’s reaction to alpha males, human females react positively to men wearing red because it gives men an air of dominance and power.

However, it does not really follow that just because the man wears red or seen in red background, the perception on man’s likeability, agreeability or extraversion also enhances.  The inner attributes of the male seem distinct and separate from his physical appeal.  Red color may enhance attractiveness but it will not determine a man’s inner substance.

Sunday, February 19, 2012

Income Disparity Among Rich and Poor

Income disparity between the rich and the poor has been a condition known to exist since time immemorial.  In the United States, the gap between rich and poor grows wider in unprecedented levels for the last years.  Two-thirds of Americans believed “income differences in the United States are too large,” but there are no existing policies to address this situation. Legislators are not coming up with policies that would tax the rich, raise wages of those in lower income bracket, tax wealth inherited or guarantee health care and shelter to all Americans.

This is due to the fact that most Americans believed that the light regulations helped in pushing the economy higher.  Also, Americans tend to focus on issues such as abortion, crime, immigration and environment rather than income inequality.

Some wonder why the gap between rich and poor gap matters.  After all, if all incomes increase by 5%, everybody benefits, although a person making $100 a day will have higher increase compared to someone who makes $1 a day.

Income inequality is a serious concern because the high levels of inequality could result in increased social disruption. In New Orleans, social disruption due to income inequality is evident which shows that even the richest country on earth is not immune to the consequences of unequal distribution of wealth. Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has testified before the US Congress that the gap of income could eventually undermine the stability of democratic capitalism.

There is also the possibility that extreme gap between rich and poor could affect growth. Human Development Report 2005 states, “A world economy in which 40% of the population lives on incomes so low as to preclude fully participating in wealth creation is hardly good for shared prosperity and growth.”

Finally, inequality is an important concern because of its implications on fairness and social justice. A child born to rich family could live to 80 years, while a child born in poor families would have difficulties availing of healthcare. The child from rich families will also be better educated, healthier and more productive than those in the lower income bracket.


References:

Burdess, Gary and Jencks, Christopher. ( 5 March 2003). America inequality and its consequences. Brookings.edu website. Retrieved on February 13, 2008 from World Wide Web: http://www.brookings.edu/gs/events/americaninequality.pdf

Rogers, Nathan. (17 October 2005). The rich-poor gap; a growing problem. New York University website. Retrieved on February 13, 2008 from World Wide Web: http://homepages.nyu.edu/~nar257/docs/rich_poor_gap.pdf

Social class. (2008). Wikipedia.com. Retrieved on February 13, 2008 from World Wide Web: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class

Wednesday, May 19, 2010

Infant Safe-Haven Laws: Response to Infanticide and Infant Abandonment

Many State legislatures have enacted legislation to address infant abandonment and infanticide in response to a reported increase in the abandonment of infants. One such legislation was enacted in Texas in 1999 called "Baby Moses laws" or infant safe haven laws.

These laws have been enacted as an incentive for mothers in crisis to safely relinquish their babies to designated locations where the babies are protected and provided with medical care until a permanent home is found. Designated locations pertain to police stations, hospitals, rescue squads, and fire houses. These are all typical locations to which the safe haven law applies.

Safe haven laws generally allow the parent, or an agent of the parent, to remain anonymous and to be shielded from prosecution for abandonment or neglect in exchange for surrendering the baby to a safe haven. Currently, there are approximately 47 States and Puerto Rico have enacted safe haven legislation.The focus of these laws is protecting newborns. In approximately 15 States, infants who are 72 hours old or younger may be relinquished to a designated safe haven.

These laws decriminalize the act leaving unharmed infants with statutorily designated private persons so that the child becomes a ward of the state. "Safe Haven" laws typically let parents remain nameless to the court, often using a numbered bracelet system as the only means of linking the baby to the mother. Some States treat safe haven surrenders as child dependency or abandonment, with a complaint being filed for such in juvenile court. The parent either defaults or answers the complaint. Other States treat safe haven surrenders as adoption surrenders, hence a waiver of parental rights.

Depending on the state the age of the baby or child that are accepted into designated safe-haven places could be as little as 72 hours to as old as 18 years old (as in the case of Nebraska). Safe-haven laws have helped infants and children found a home away from home. Without which, they would probably be exposed to environments full of abuses and threats such as in the streets. Safe-haven has provided these vulnerable babies/children who might not have other viable options a chance for better lives.

Renaissance Art: Different Periods of Renaissance

Renaissance is the French equivalent of the Italian word rinascita which means "rebirth". This is period of European history from early 14th century to late 16th century.

Cultural rebirth was the central characteristic of the Renaissance. There is a marked revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity during the period particularly in Italy. Giovanni Boccaccio in the 14th century defined Renaissance as the collective Italian efforts to imitate the poetic style of the ancient Romans. In 1550 the art historian Giorgio Vasari coined the term rinascita (rebirth) to refer to the imitation of the ancient Roman method of painting by Giotto di Bondone at the start of the 14th century.

Renaissance: Italy

The "rebirth" of art in Italy was brought about by the rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature, and science and the changes of empirical methods of study in these fields. The evolution of Italian Renaissance art was an evolving process but it is divided into three major phases: Early, High, and Late Renaissance. The

Early Renaissance

The principal members of the first generation of Renaissance artists - Donatello in sculpture, Filippo Brunelleschi in architecture, and Masaccio in painting. Early Renaissance artists create art forms that imitates the physical appearance of the natural world and in consonance with their experience of human personality and behavior.

Early Renaissance pertains to all the art of the 15th century. In 1450, a new generation of artists such as Pollaiuolo and Sandro Botticelli flourished in Florence. Leon Battista Alberti's work in Rimini and Mantua represented the best architecture of the new Humanism; Andrea Mantegna's paintings in Padua showcases linear perspective, antiquarianism, and realistic technique; and Giovanni Bellini's portrays poetic classicism.

The High Renaissance

The art of the High Renaissance sought a general, unified effect of pictorial representation or architectural composition exuding dramatic force and physical presence. The High Renaissance style endured for only a brief period (c.1495-1520) and was created by a few artists of genius, among them Leonardo da Vinci, Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian.

The Late Renaissance

In 1527, Rome was sacked which hindered the progress of Italian art. Artists were forced to leave and settle in other parts in Italy, France, and Spain. Some early proponents of Mannerism, were Jacopo Carucci Pontormo, Parmigianino, and Rosso Fiorentino.

The mannerism style however were expressed extremely in the work of Giorgio Vasari and Giovanni da Bologna. Mannerism was an aesthetic movement that placed importance on refined grace and elegance -the beautiful maniera, or style, from which Mannerism derives its name. The Renaissance period is characterized by radical and comprehensive changes that took place in European culture leading to the end of the Middle Ages as it makes its transition to the modern world.

Thursday, June 4, 2009

Impact of Computer Technology

Computer technology was virtually unknown years ago. Yet, in so short a span of time, it has managed to change our lives and the way we live. Life before the computer was slow, time-consuming and limited. With the computer technology, the opportunities for personal and professional improvement are limitless. Internet has transformed the way 21st century people communicate and consequently, the way we live.

The internet is probably the most important innovation in the field of communication. It affected not only how we communicate but also in conducting our day-to-day affairs. It offers various services and resources literally at the tip of our fingertips.

1. Communication. Internet, being first and foremost, a tool of communication has certainly made contact with others easier and faster. Communication is done through emails, instant messaging or voice over internet protocol which allows one to actually call the person.
2. Faster access to information. One click of the mouse and all sorts of information come out using the search engine. We can access weather forecasts, news and celebrity gossips in seconds online.
3. Business Transactions. Transacting business online like paying bills, depositing cash, checking credit card balance, etc. Bank statements can be accessed online too.
4. Shopping. Shopping online is the usual mode of buying now. All kinds of products and stores are available online. Travel time to get to the supermarket is effectively eliminated. Shopping can be done entirely at the convenience of home.
5. Research Tool. Surf for information or to research online. Assignments, thesis, book reviews – all kinds of research information you need are available through the internet.
6. Education. One can take virtual college classes. There is no need to travel to school, be in the classroom, participate in discussions, etc.
7. Recreation. Downloading movies or music or even games through the internet is fast becoming the form of recreation these days. Some of these are available for free.
8. Meeting People. We can meet people from all parts of the world and all walks of life through the internet. You can chat to someone from another part of the world without having to leave your room. The webcam and voip (voice over internet protocol) could enable you to actually see and hear the person you are chatting to.

Computer technology has its advantages and disadvantages depending on its use. The following are some activities done using computer technology:

1. Invasion of Privacy. Computer technology came about as an open research tool. Thus, it is understandable that privacy was never its original intention. This is ironic because computer technology particularly the net actually offers a lot of anonymity. Most of the users say or do something that they will not really do or say in the real world. This is because the net allows individuals to be more adventurous and courageous being unable to talk to the person face to face.

Problems arise when it comes to online privacy when acts of crimes are committed. For instance, a hacker posted thousands of credit card numbers stolen from a website. He offered to share the information for only $1.

2. Invisible Information Gathering

This is another disadvantage to computer technology which is seen as a form of invasion to privacy. An example of invisible information gathering is web companies collecting data for marketing purposes. Complaints about abuse of information are not really that rampant but the fear comes from the misuse or carelessness in handling personal data which could lead to privacy invasion.

Microsoft and Intel were forced to avoid using features that would track their customers. RealNetWorks, a maker of video software, was accused of commanding its programs to phone home then reports on users’ habits of surfing to them. Mattel Interactive embedded phone home software “Broadcast” in Reader Rabbit software. Surf Monkey which prevents children from accessing porn sites also forwards the IP addresses of users to its maker.

DoubleClick Inc. tracks users anonymously. They were sued because it planned to reveal web users’ identities to compete in real-world mass mailing market list coming from anonymous internet users. Same thing happened to Toysmart.com which was sued by the Federal Trade Commission after it offers to sell its customer database to the highest bidder.

3. Web Filtering. This simply means blocking access to inappropriate sites such as blocking the kids’ access to porn sites. Some businesses do not block access but block certain types of traffic from the sites. For instance, it may allow access to websites even inappropriate ones but file transfers are prohibited. This is a way to monitor the internet particularly its usage.

4. Who`s Got your Picture. The web unfortunately allows pictures of one person to be copied, downloaded, pasted and used by other users. This is particularly true for actors/actresses, politicians and other famous people. Mike Elgan, a California-based technology writer and editor said "the practice of copying pictures is unbelievably widespread. It probably happens 500 times a second."

Computer technology could lead to loss of control of information. Our life is tracked or can be tracked easily due to quick internet access.

Histories of the Internet and the World Wide Web

The advent of the internet has heralded a new era of communication. The internet has made connectedness an easier, faster, and simpler concept. With the internet it is impossible to feel alienated from the world.

The internet is capable of broadcasting worldwide. Its uses are varied but revolved mainly on communications. Internet can be used to provide information, conduct research or work with others without being physically present.

In August 1962, J.C.R. Licklider of MIT discussed in a series of memos his concept of “Galactic Network” where people could access data and programs from any site. Licklider became the first head of the computer research program at DARPA and later his successors continued his work for networking concept.

At the same time, Leonard Kleinrock at MIT also started his own quest for packets that would be use for communications instead of communications. Kleinrock talked to Lawrence Roberts of the possibility of computer networking using packets. Roberts worked with Thomas Merrill to test on the idea. Using a TX-2 computer in Massachusetts, Roberts used a dial-up telephone line to connect to a Q-32 computer in California. It was the first ever wide-are computer network created. This experiment proved that computers could network and that circuit system could not get the job done, a packet switch would accomplish it better.

1966, Roberts developed the computer network concept further and plan for the "ARPANET”. Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury of NPL from the UK were also working the on packet network concept around this time. Scantlebury informed Roberts of similar work by Paul Baran and others at RAND. The people at RAND had written a paper pertaining to packet switching networks for secure voice in military way back in 1964. The work at MIT from 1961-1967, RAND from 1962-1965 and at NPL from 1964 to 1967 all proceeded without the researchers knowing about the existence of similar researches. The NPL introduced the word “packet” and ARPANET design changed its line speed from 2.4 kbps to 50 kbps.

In August 1968, Roberts and DARPA had changed the specifications for ARPANET. The project to create the critical component of the Internet called packet switches Interface Message Processors (IMP"s) was awarded to Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). While the BBN team created the IMP's with the help of Bob Kahn who made the ARPANET architectural design, Roberts together with Howard Frank and workers at Network Analysis Corporation were working on the topology of the network and economics and Kleinrock and team were working on the network measurement system.

Kleinrock's packet switching theory served as the basis for the first node on the ARPANET. Their collaborative efforts bore fruit in September 1969 when BBN installed the first ever IMP at UCLA where the first host computer was connected. Doug Engelbart's Augmentation of Human Intellect” at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) became the basis for the second node.

A month after SRI was connected to the ARPANET, the first message from computer host to another host was sent by Kleinrock to SRI. Two more nodes were added. The two nodes comprise of an application visualization project developed by Glen Culler and Burton Fried at UCSB to be able to refresh the net, Robert Taylor and Ivan Sutherland at Utah on 3-D use on the net. Towards the end of 1969, four host computers were connected into the ARPANET.

December 1970 when the Network Working Group (NWG) under S. Crocker completed the ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol referred to as the Network Control Protocol (NCP). NCP was implemented from 1971-197 allowing users to develop applications.

October 1972, Kahn made the first public demonstration of the ARPANET in the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). The electronic mail or email as it is known today was also introduced in the same year. It was in March 1972 when Ray Tomlinson at BBN created the basic send and read software for emails. July, Roberts improved on the basic functions by adding file, forward and respond features to the email.

Internet Concepts

ARPANET became the internet. Internet basically is made up of multiple independent networks originating with the ARPANET using packet switch. Later, the features grew which include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet radio networks and others. The technical ideas behind the internet is open architecture networking where network technology is not chosen by certain network architecture but selected by a provider and interact with other network through the “internetworking Architecture”.

The open architecture network allows individual networks to developed unique interface offered to users or providers. Each network is intended to fit the user and environment requirements of a particular network.

Kahn first broached the idea of open-architecture networking in 1972 at DARPA. It was supposedly part of the packet radio program but became a separate program later. To make the packet radio system work, an end-to-end protocol that could continue communication even with distractions such as jamming and interference. Kahn decided to create a protocol local to the packet radio network to eliminate the need for various operating systems and allow continuous use of NCP.

The NCP however was not capable of addressing networks further than destination IMP on ARPANET. This demanded that NCP be changed. Kahn made a new protocol that could support open-architecture network environment.

Internet Crime...How does it Affect our society?

The internet is probably the most powerful tool for communication in the 21st century. It has made the world more connected and much smaller. For instance, you can be in another country and still keep in touch with your family 24/7 by virtue of internet.

With advanced internet tools and mechanisms, it is no surprise that some people take advantage of the ease of communication and informal interaction the internet offers. Meeting complete strangers online is so much easier. The thrills of being anonymous lead some people to shed off their shyness and become more adventurous.
Meeting online is certainly different from meeting a person face-to-face. Online chatrooms make the getting to know you process a whole lot easier and faster. If chatting is not your thing then there are plenty of other options for you to meet people like emails, forums, message boards, social networking websites like MySpace and Friendster, blogging and so many others.

The internet, unfortunately, does not only generate positive results. Just as there are advantages for using internet, disadvantages are not far behind. There are things to be wary when using the internet. Like, giving personal details to a complete stranger, meeting people you met online with no chaperones, providing misleading information such as providing the wrong age or posting another person’s picture in the profile.

There are a lot of opportunities to cheat or lie through the internet. Consequently, Internet crime happens. A number of crimes and the perpetrators are getting more and more creative in their approaches.

What exactly is Internet Crime?

Internet crime means is any crime committed on the internet or through the internet. As the internet becomes more sophisticated, so do the crimes.

It is easy to fall prey to internet crimes. The internet crime could be as petty as spam emails or, worst, one that could lead to deaths. It is usual for internet users to have their emails bombarded with spam messages. Forwarded chain-letters could be a culprit. Others send scam letters asking for money or detailing some elaborate schemes. Still others, deliberately infect others’ computers with viruses, use pirated software or steal someone else’s articles or an infringement on intellectual property laws.

There are other internet crimes are grave enough to merit attention. These crimes include phishing, credit card frauds, espionage, child pornography, online stalking, kidnappings and even murder due to online chats and so on.

Internet Crime Schemes

These are but a few of the internet crimes committed regularly online. Internet users must beware if they come across these situations:

Action Fraud

Action fraud is an internet crime that involves misrepresentation of a product being sold online or not delivering the product bought through online sites.

Action Fraud- Romania

Similar operation as action fraud, the main difference is the money is transferred to US banks and routed to Romania or Latvia.

Fake Cashier’s Check

Online sellers are the target of this crime. The buyer would issue a cashier’s check to the seller at an amount much higher than required. The excess supposedly will cover shipping expenses. The seller is then instructed to deposit the excess amount to the seller’s account or back to the buyer often located in Nigeria.
Banks often release the money upon encashment in case of cashier’s check. The seller then sends the money to the buyer. The bank then informs the seller that the check was fake and that he should pay the amount released by the bank.

Credit Card Fraud
Online transactions requiring credit card payments could be harmful if the website is not secured. Credit/Debit card numbers are used to steal money.

Employment/Business Opportunities

A person from US is hired for work-at-home job requiring reselling or reshipping of goods to places outside US.

The employees are then paid through checks from a US companies supposedly creditors of the foreign employer. The amount of check is usually excessive. The employee is instructed to deposit the excess to the employer’s account. Upon clearing,

Debt Elimination

This is a form of identity theft. In this form of crime, a website advertises legal way to pay mortgage or credit card. The con artist then issues bonds and promissory notes to the lender in behalf of the participant. The victim is asked to pay $1,500 to $2,000 plus disclose confidential personal information to the perpetrator. Also, the victim is asked to sign special power of attorney to allow the con man to enter transactions in behalf of the victim.

Phishing

The latest crime to strike the internet is phishing. Phishing means soliciting by fraudulent emails personal financial information such as bank accounts to get access to the depositor’s money.

Worse Crimes

Internet crime could lead to worse crimes such as kidnapping or death. This often starts off as harmless online chatting then progressed rapidly to something more sinister. There are a number of cases of kidnappings that arise from these chat rooms. Minors often prey to these kidnappings. The modus operandi is someone usually an adult enters chat rooms intended specifically for kids or teenagers. Then he poses as someone younger so he could befriend the kid. As soon as he gets his trust, he would suggest an ‘eyeball’ or slang term for face-to-face meeting. The kid, thinking that he/she was talking to a real kid, would agree to meet this person alone. When the meeting takes place, these kidnappings occur. Kidnapped kids often go through horrors such as being raped or worse, get killed.

That is why it is very important for parents to monitor their kids’ computer use. Also, kids should be duly warned of the dangers of talking to strangers online. Proper precautionary measures should be taken so as to ensure the safety of the kid at all times.

Statistics

Internet crime statistics are horrifying. For instance “phishing” alone generates at least one billion dollars for the criminals. FBI survey conducted in 2004 revealed that around 90 percent of 500 companies who participated in the survey experienced online security problems leading to financial loss for some 80 percent of them.

In 2003, credit card fraud generated four billion dollars for the swindlers. Fifty percent of the credit card fraud occurred online.

Complaints filed as of 2006 of internet-related crimes reached a staggering number 207, 492. The most reported crime was internet auction fraud which accounted for 45 percent of the total complaints.

Around 75% of the perpetrators of internet crimes are male coming from most populous states in the United States: District of Columbia, Nevada, New York, Tennessee, Maine and Florida.

Prevention of Internet Crimes

Just like any crime, prevention is the best cure. Here are some ways to prevent being victimized by these culprits:

 In auction fraud, it is important to communicate with the seller. As much as possible, do not pay through wire transfers or cash. Check the legitimacy of an escrow service before using them.
 In cases of fake cashier’s check, contact the bank from which the check is drawn to know if it’s real. Take a look at the account number. Fake checks often have account numbers that appear shiny.
 In credit card fraud and identity theft, make sure that the website where you provide your credit card information is secure and trustworthy. Always check your credit card statements to see if there are unauthorized transactions.
 In debt elimination and employment/business opportunities, contact the Better Business Bureau to know if the company you are dealing with is legal. Get the name, address and telephone number of the company.
 Phishing could be prevented if you do not entertain emails that require you to disclose personal information. Contact the business that sent the email to confirm before sending your details.

If you are a victim, report the matter to the police. If your life is in danger, seek the protection of the authorities.

The best way is always to be cautious in dealing business through the internet. Change passwords on a regular basis. Run anti-virus and anti-spyware software regulary too.

Conclusion

The problems brought about by internet to the society are growing. The price we pay for misuse of internet is getting steeper too.

Internet crimes schemes stole millions of dollars from victims every year. The perpetrators are getting more and more creative in their approach thus making the crime more complicated and difficult to stop.

The authorities cannot stop the criminals on their own. The individual internet users must do their share to be able to stop internet crime. It is not only money or properties that are at stake here but also the safety of the lives of our loved ones.

Perhaps, the most serious internet crimes are those involving the safety of our loved ones. It is not unusual to read news stories of kids kidnapped or raped or murdered due to internet.

Kids’ use of the internet particularly chat rooms should be given due attention. Parents must educate their kids of the dangers of meeting strangers online and seeing these chat mates in person. Make sure that your kids don’t keep important information from you such as meeting strangers.

The internet is a very powerful communication tool and the advantages are immense, if used in the right way.

Sunday, May 31, 2009

Renaissance Art

Renaissance is the French equivalent of the Italian word rinascita which means "rebirth". This is period of European history from early 14th century to late 16th century. This period is characterized by radical and comprehensive changes that took place in European culture leading to the end of the Middle Ages as it makes its transition to the modern world.

Cultural rebirth was the central characteristic of the Renaissance. There is a marked revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiuqity during the period particularly in Italy.

Giovanni Boccaccio in the 14th century defined Renaissance as the collective Italian efforts to imitate the poetic style of the ancient Romans. In 1550 the art historian Giorgio Vasari coined the term rinascita (rebirth) to refer to the imitation of the ancient Roman method of painting by Giotto di Bondone at the start of the 14th century.

Renaissance: Italy

The "rebirth" of art in Italy was brought about by the rediscovery of ancient philosophy, literature, and science and the changes of empirical methods of study in these fields.

The evolution of Italian Renaissance art was an evolving process but it is divided into three major phases: Early, High, and Late Renaissance.

The Early Renaissance

The principal members of the first generation of Renaissance artists - Donatello in sculpture, Filippo Brunelleschi in architecture, and Masaccio in painting. Early Renaissance artists create art forms that imitates the physical appearance of the natural world and in consonance with their experience of human personality and behavior.

Early Renaissance pertains to all the art of the 15th century. In 1450, a new generation of artists such as Pollaiuolo and Sandro Botticelli flourished in Florence. Leon Battista Alberti’s work in Rimini and Mantua represented the best architecture of the new HUMANISM; Andrea Mantegna's paintings in Padua showcases linear perspective, antiquarianism, and realistic technique; and Giovanni Bellini's portrays poetic classicism.

The High Renaissance

The art of the High Renaissance sought a general, unified effect of pictorial representation or architectural composition exuding dramatic force and physical presence.

The High Renaissance style endured for only a brief period (c.1495-1520) and was created by a few artists of genius, among them Leonardo da Vinci, Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian.

The Late Renaissance

In 1527, Rome was sacked which hindered the progress of Italian art. Artists were forced to leave and settle in other parts in Italy, France, and Spain. Some early proponets of MANNERISM, were Jacopo Carucci Pontormo, Parmigianino, and Rosso Fiorentino. The mannerism style however were expressed extemely in the work of Giorgio Vasari and Giovanni da Bologna. Mannerism was an aesthetic movement that placed importance on refined grace and elegance -the beautiful maniera, or style, from which Mannerism derives its name.

Profile of a Songwriter: John Lennon

John Winston Ono Lennon (9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) is undoubtedly one of the greatest and most famous songwriter of all times. He was best known as a singer, songwriter, and guitarist for the English music group The Beatles. As the partner of the legendary songwriting duo Lennon-McCartney team, his heavy influence on the phenomenal growth of rock music with introduction of more advanced multi-layered arrangements, mature lyrical sentiments and musical eclecticism echoes to this day.

Lennon had a deep influence on rock and roll and in developing the genre during the 1960s. He is considered together with his songwriting partner Paul McCartney, as one of the most influential singer-songwriter-musicians of the 20th century. A number of the songs he wrote feature reflective pieces usually in the first person as opposed to McCartney's style of writing. His most wonderful pieces of songwriting, "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "I Am the Walrus", reflect the best examples of his unique style. Lennon provided the sad, personal style of writing which complemented Paul’s upbeat positive outlook.

Songwriting Career

The amazingly effective simple chord in Lennon songs has baffled songwriters for years. For instance, “Strawberry Fields Forever”: The verse concludes with a classic I–vi–IV–V progression, then the chorus jumps off a harmonic cliff, plunging to the v (minor) and VI7 (now major) as we arrive at the place where “nothing is real.” It is easy to analyze Lennon’s work but the magic it creates is beyond our grasps.

A number of Lennon songs use harmonic vertigo, implementing a simple chord switch from major to minor and vice versa, variations into sudden keys, the occasional augmented or ninth chord. For instance “Real Love,” the Lennon-written Beatles track on the posthumous Anthology 2. The falsetto lines that lead into the chorus, “Why must we be alone? / Why must we be alone?” which are complemented by an unusual shift from D (I) to C9 (bVII9) and back again.

The Acoustic collection provides a very personal portrait of Lennon the songwriter and guitarist, playing songs in unplugged form. Highlights include “Watching the Wheels,” which sounds downright folksy compared to the version on Double Fantasy, and “Real Love”.

In the Beatles, Lennon mostly provided the rhythmic side, playing the singular changes (often using full barre chords) and allowing Harrison to add ornamentation and texture. On rare occasions Lennon would want to lead which is apparent in “Get Back”. After the White Album, he recorded some beautiful stand-alone accompaniment parts, such as the superb fingerstyle “Dear Prudence.”

As Lennon’s harmonic sense keep getting better so did his lyric writing. Looking back at his contributions to the Beatles album, Lennon once commented that his most personal writing turned out to be his best work such as the songs “Help!” “Strawberry Fields,” and “In My Life”.

In his solo years, Lennon wanted to reveal the truth and take away the art and pretense. Plastic Ono Band, released in 1970 after the Beatles lost its luster and when he was hospitalized in Dr. Arthur Janov’s Primal Center, sounds surprisingly raw despite the rising number of singer-songwriters revealing their innermost thoughts stripped of deceit for therapy and art throughout the decades.

Lennon’s writing on Plastic Ono Band and the gentler follow-up, Imagine was due to his personal experience on the process of self-discovery rather than expressing a very smart idea. Lennon merely expresses himself and his take on matters. Unlike some early Beatles songs, they are not intended to be genre pieces.

Six songs from Plastic Ono Band showed on Acoustic, including the little gem “Love” and the melancholy “Look at Me.” At times he felt resentment for way people put the Beatles on the lofty pedestal even to the point of saying “I don’t believe in Beatles,” in the song he wrote “God”. At the same time, Lennon is also very much aware of the fact that his music provides a great avenue for him to broadcast his messages to the world. He had the knack of compressing an idea down into a catchphrase or slogan such as “All you need is love.” “Power to the people.” “Give peace a chance.”

His lyrics showcase his wide range of musical ability. It could be abstract and complex or extremely simple and honest stripped of pretence. Whatever it is Lennon wants to display often ends up providing a great range of color and creativity through the use of metaphor and simile. John possessed a keen mind, quick wit and sharp tongue. He was always searching for something that could fill the emptiness he felt inside and give him the happiness and direction he so desperately needed. He somehow found what he was searching for in Yoko Ono’s side which led to the disbandment of the greatest rock group of all times the Beatles. He told Paul in 1971, "I want a divorce" and the Beatles were formally dissolved by January of 1971, each pursuing separate ways.

Q&A on Plato

Do you agree with Plato`s account of reality as composed of the visible and intellectual world (idealistic dualism) why/why not?

Yes I believe in Plato’s account of reality as composed of the visible and intellectual world (idealistic dualism).

In the “divided line”, “allegory of the cave” and the “image of the sun”, Plato discusses the metaphysics that divides the world into two separate aspects: the intellectual world of "forms", and the visible or perceptual world we see around us. The visible world comprises of imperfect copies of the intellectual world of forms or ideas. These forms are unalterable and perfect. These can only be understood by the use of the intellect or understanding such as using that part of the mind that does not include sense-perception or imagination.

Plato’s account of reality affirms the need to recognize the fact that reality is not what we see alone. Reality is much more than that. Reason, imagination and spiritual values form another part of reality that is as real and undeniable as those we see or perceive through our senses.

At the top this intellectual world is the Good, which shines down on all. Next is the form, the perfect versions of earthly objects which we remember when we see the objects. The forms provide us with our understanding, knowledge, and intelligence. We understand or know a horse because of the memory of the form horse. Next lowest is reason or thought based on axioms.

Then we cross the divider in the line, the visible things to which the other side of the line is applied. At the top of this lower section is belief, or perception based ideation. Next is the imagination.

Is Plato correct in his belief that the general and abstract is more real than the particular and concrete?

I believe Plato is correct. This is so because the particular and the concrete are not the ultimate real forms in Plato’s intellectual world which is represented by the general and the abstract. The particular and the concrete then are just mere representations of the general and the abstract. They bore only a striking resemblance of the ultimate reality found in the intellectual world.

The metaphor for particular and the concrete is shadows of cut-out shapes found on the walls of the cave which are mere symbols of the truth outside the cave lighted up by the sun.

What is the reality statis of mathematical entities for Plato?

One of the aspects in the intellectual world is reason. At the top of the ladder is the Good, followed by Form then Reason. The reason or thought is based on axioms. The reality statis of mathematical entities for Plato is that mathematical principles fall under Reason because they are too perfect to be considered part of the visible world.

Take for instance the mathematical advances of the Pythagoreans. Mathematics has a definitiveness that goes beyond the finest knowledge derived from experience. The construction of the Pythagorean Theorem, for example, cannot be found in the crude dimensions of space and time alone. At the same time it exhibits an amazing insight and certainty.

The Pythagorean Theorem can only be explained by assuming that it is a concept formed brought about by the impact of a perfect world of geometrical forms. It is the association of our soul to some extent in that world of Forms that explains the fact that we are capable of grasping something that is exact and amazing even though we cannot realize the construction except by the use of crude methods in the sensible world.

In geometry and arithmetic, we make use of specific figures to show our ideas and make examples clear. In these sciences, certain postulates are made and conclusions are drawn from the postulates. The intelligible, on the other hand, is "that which the reason itself," rather than image-assisted imagination, lays hold of by the power of dialectic, treating its assumptions not as absolute beginnings but literally as hypotheses, underpinnings, footings, and springboards so to speak, to enable it to rise to that which requires no assumption and is the starting point of all, and after attaining to that again taking hold of the first dependencies from it, so to proceed downward to the conclusion, making no use whatever of any object of sense but only of pure ideas moving on through ideas to ideas and ending with ideas. (511b-c)

Based on Plato`s account of ”The Forms” FROM THIS DIALOGUE how would he explain change in the universe and would he view it as good or bad?

Plato describes "The Form of the Good" in his book, The Republic, using Socrates as the example. The Form of the Good is the ideal or perfect nature of goodness, and so depicts the absolute measure of justice. Plato expounded the theory of justice in The Republic, in relation to his conception of the ideal state, both of which necessitate rule of the rational mind; in other words, philosopher-kings, who can grasp the Form of the Good.

He compares the Form of the Good to the sun. He says that just as the sun radiates light, so the form of the good radiates truth. Another parallelism is that if we are able to perceive the world through eyes with the aid of the light of the sun, we can also perceive the world through our rational minds with the aid of the truth, derived from the Form of the Good (referred to as Plato’s god).

Plato believes that the highest form of knowledge is the form of the good, from which all things that are considered just derives their worth. Humans are bounded by duty to find the good, but no one can hope to achieve this without philosophical reasoning.

The visible world comprises of imperfect copies of the intellectual world of forms or ideas. These forms are unalterable and perfect. These can only be understood by the use of the intellect or understanding such as using that part of the mind that does not include sense-perception or imagination. Change in the visible world therefore is neither good or bad because in the intellectual world of forms everything remains the same.

Given that The Republic is a fantasy about an ideal polis or city state, is Plato`s embedded theory of Forms to be taken as serious and substantial metaphysics or just wild fantastic yard spinning, why so?

It is to be taken seriously. The Republic maybe a fantasy about an ideal polis or city state but it reflects timeless truths that are applicable up to now.

According to these accounts, the metaphors serve as elucidation of the complex and difficult theory which Plato preaches : the presence of The Form of the Good, which pertains to the ultimate truth and which illuminates on the rest of the forms such as the universals: abstract kinds and attributes and from which all other forms "emanate". That is at the core of the theory of Forms which compares and contrasts the visible from the intellectual world. These truths are as real today as it was then.

Igor Stravinsky - Symphony of Psalms

It is not a symphony in which I have included Psalms to be sung. On the contrary, it is the singing of the Psalms that I am symphonizing.' --- Igor Stravinsky

Biography

Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky was born and raised at Oranienbaum on the Gulf of Finland on 5 June 1882 (O.S.) or 17 June (N.S.). His father wanted him to pursue law so he enrolled in the course. The strong attraction to music though took him back to his roots. He composed piano pieces. His musical abilities were further honed through the able guidance of Rimsky-Korsakov, one of the famed Russian Five.

Stravinsky befriended Rimsky-Korsakov's son. He spent a lot of his time composing on his own. At that time he was taking private lessons in harmony and planned to enroll in the Russian Conservatory. Fate decided to step in when he met Rimsky-Korsakov, the head of the Conservatory. Never the one to withhold help to a true artist and seeing the promise the young man showed, Rimsky-Korsakov volunteered to teach Stravinsky himself. Stravinsky, of course, jumped at the rare opportunity.

At the conservatory, Rimsky-Korsakov required his students to perform their works. Stravinsky chose his composition called Fireworks. His music caught the attention and impressed Sergei Diaghilev. He believed Stravinsky would be the ideal person to

compose ballet music for his Russian Ballet. Diaghilev commissioned his three famous works The Firebird, Petrushka, The Rite of Spring.
When war broke out, Stravinsky and his family left for Switzerland. When the war ended, he realized he was too far from the important music centers in Europe. In 1920, he moved to France.

The French Composer in France

Diaghilev passed away on 19 August 1929 leading to the disbandment of the Russian Ballet. Stravinsky felt disassociated to his native land due to this. He had not step foot in Russia for the past fifteen years since he left in 1914. He managed to become one of the leading musical figures in France though. Besides, Diaghilev's troupe was based in Paris, and most of Stravinsky's works had their premières in Paris.

Despite his popularity in France, he felt unappreciated. He was commissioned to compose only one work called Persephone which was to be presented in France under Ida Rubinstein and her company. The Americans and the Germans showed more interest in his works than French. He received positive reviews on his compositions from the former countries compared to France.

Success in Europe

Stravinsky played the solo part of his composition Capriccio on its first performance at the Salle Pleyel, Paris, on 6 December 1929. It received much acclaim. The demand for his services grew quickly. The next five years saw Stravinsky performing in a number of Europe's key cities.

It was during this time of his where his works met much success and acclaim that he was commissioned by his dear friend Koussevitzky, who became the permanent conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, to compose a symphonic work to mark their fiftieth concert season in 1930. He composed the Symphony of Psalms.

Symphony of Psalms

Symphony of Psalms was the product of Stravinsky’s efforts in his bid to attend to his friend Serge Kussevitzsky’s request for a symphony that would honor the fiftieth anniversary of the Boston Symphony Orchestra in 1930. Stravinsky’s dramatic works Oedipus Rex and Apollo paved the way for Symphony of Psalms. The former works were similar to his religious works in their splendor and musical composition even though pagan in subject matter.

The dedication to the Boston Orchestra was: "Cette Symphonie composée à la glorie de Dieu...". Stravinsky's faith was in full bloom when he wrote the Symphony of Psalms. This was attested by the fact that he was a regular communicant of the Orthodox Church in 1926.

The Symphony of Psalms was wrenched from the author’s soul. It represented his efforts to explicitly express his faith and desire to pay tribute to God. The resulting effect was a highly dramatic work that evoked man’s inner longings for the everlasting arms of God. The fact that he was a pious believer did not imply that the work should be viewed as a personal confession of faith. Symphony of Psalms is the projection of Stravinsky's own faith which typifies the faith of a devoted congregation. Because of that, Symphony of Psalms never lost its sense of drama.

In the Symphony of Psalms, Stravinsky used three of David's Psalms, in the Latin version of the Vulgate. He presents them in consonance with the spirit exhibited in the Old Testament. Before Christ came and earned salvation for men, man's relation to God, as shown in the sacred Mosaic texts, is incomplete. The grace which comes from God can only be won for the Christians through the Redeemer, Jesus Christ. But even under such circumstances, attaining grace is still possible at certain very special moments.

It is only on such occasions of perfect grace that faith enables to help us get rid of all the problems of existence, to dissolve the dramatic tensions of human life, and to calm the turmoil of the spirit. In the absence of grace, faith is only able to offer us consolation as it grants prayer and invocation, thus giving us deeper awareness on the emotional level where the dramatic tone of alternate struggle and passivity of the Old Testament and the pain and suffering of life are real and common.

Stravinsky wrote the third movement first, which is dated April 27, 1930 where an inscription, `a week after Ascension,' is found. The first movement was finished on August 15th, `Assumption Day in the Roman Church'. The second movement was finished on July 17. Stravinsky attached `a drawing of the Crucifixion' into his sketchbook, and wrote on it the following: `Adveniat regnum tuum'; and in an interview in May 1930 he stated that `the more one separates oneself from the canons of the Christian Church, the further one distances oneself from the truth,' but also `the overflowing of the framework in art testifies to a lack of internal discipline, which weakens the work.'

Form

Stravinsky did not intend to imitate the standard nineteenth century symphony, comprised of four distinct movements. Even before Symphony of Psalms, he was able to produce a special symphonic form for the Symphonies of Wind Instruments whereby several periodic episodes were connected to form a single movement. His wanted the Symphony of Psalms to be an original symphonic work performed on a grandiose scale without adhering to conventions.

He wanted `to create an organic whole without conforming to the various models adopted by custom, but still retaining the periodic order by which the symphony is distinguished from the suite' (Craft, Chronology of a Friendship).

When Stravinsky called his previous work Symphonies of Wind Instruments instead of Symphonies for Wind Instruments, he actually meant to emphasize the initial meaning of the word symphony, which is to bring together various instruments to produce a single. The symphony later pertains to a four-movement work with a particular structure. This is also apparent in his work Symphony in Three Movements.

Symphony of Psalms is actually comprised of three movements, but there is no gap or abrupt change in each movement, which follow one upon the other. He stressed that `it is not a symphony on which I have included Psalms to be sung. On the contrary, it is the singing of the Psalms that I am symphonizing' which was apparent in the way he treated the voices, like the way he treated the orchestra musically.

Gabriel Paichadze, his publisher, asked him to produce orchestral piece that does not have chorus, `....something popular': but Stravinsky wanted a psalm symphony for a long time which he kept to himself and he insisted on doing just that (Craft, Dialogues).

He wanted the work to present extensive contrapuntal development, and in order to carry out what he had in mind, he chose `a choral and instrumental ensemble in which the two elements should be on an equal footing, neither of them outweighing the other' (Craft, Chronology). For his text, he chose from the Vulgate verses 13 and 14 of Psalm 38, verses 2, 3 and 4 of Psalm 39, and the whole of Psalm 150. He prefaced the score with the instruction that the words should be sung in Latin all the time.

Analysis

Symphony of Psalms first movement is intended to be a Prelude to the Double Fugue of the second movement. It starts with arabesque appregios in the woodwind interspersed with a number of chords of E minor. The strings are then used then enter replaced by the altos.

The three movements which comprise the Symphony of Psalms do not pause between them. Symphony is used to refer to an assembly of musical strands and does not denote any particular form. The fundamental structure of the music is not to be associated with the `sonata form'; the first movement is a Prelude, and the second a Double

Fugue for voices and instruments. The theme of the instrumental Fugue is communicated by the oboe and then demonstrated by the flute. Oboes and flute also play the first development of the Fugue, which sounded like a soft organ.

Contrasting musical motifs pave the way for the eloquence of the third movement. Unlike traditional final movements that are composed during Stravinsky’s time spanning the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the Alleluia does not project a sense of triumph that is captured at the beginning of the movement. Instead one gets a feel of relief in the motif, emphasized by a crescendo and followed immediately by decrescendo.

Addendum

What I liked most in my class is tackling the works of the famous composers especially those that I admire. It offers me a glimpse of their lives and what contributed to their greatness. I feel my musical experience has grown during the semester. It made me appreciate music more.